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John H. Plumb

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Sir John Harold Plumb (20 August 1911 – 21 October 2001), known as Jack, was a British historian, known for his books on British eighteenth century history. He authored over thirty books.

Biography

He was born in Leicester and educated at Alderman Newton’s Grammar School, University College, Leicester and then Christ’s College, Cambridge. His doctorate (1936) was supervised by G. M. Trevelyan; this was the unique occasion when Trevelyan accepted a student. He had a research fellowship at King’s College, Cambridge just before World War II, during which he was at Bletchley Park where he headed a section working on a German Naval hand cipher, Reservehandverfahren.

He became a Fellow of Christ’s College in 1946, remaining there. He was Master of the college from 1978 to 1982. He became Professor of Modern English History in the University in 1966. He was knighted in 1982.

In the 1960s he branched out as an editor, notably of The History of Human Society series. Contributors to his books included other well known historians like Morris Bishop, Jacob Bronowski and Maria Bellonci. Later Plumb worked on a television series about the British Royal family and the royal collections (Royal Heritage BBC 1977).

Influence

He is seen as mentor to a school of historians, having in common a wish to write accessible, broad-based work for the public: a generation of scholars that includes Roy Porter, Simon Schama, Linda Colley, David Cannadine and others, who came to prominence in the 1990s. He was champion of a ’social history’ in a wide sense; he backed this up with a connoisseur’s knowledge of some fields of the fine arts, such as Flemish painting and porcelain. This approach rubbed off on those he influenced, while he clashed unrepentantly with other historians (notably Cambridge colleague Geoffrey Elton) with a perspective from constitutional history whose emphasis was on more traditional scholarship.

Friends from his early life, C. P. Snow and William Cooper, portrayed him in novels; he also is known to be the model for a character in an Angus Wilson short story, The Wrong Set.

Works

• England in the Eighteenth Century (1950), Pelican Books, London, ISBN 0-14-020231-5
• Chatham (1953)
• Studies In Social History (1955)
• The First Four Georges (1956)
• Sir Robert Walpole (1956, 1960) in two volumes, sub-titled The Making of a Statesman and The King’s Minister
• The Italian Renaissance (1961, 1987, 2001), American Heritage, New York, ISBN 0-618-12738-0
• Men And Places (1963)
• Crisis in the Humanities (Ed., 1964) Penguin, Harmondsworth & Baltimore (responses to Snow’s Two Cultures)
• The Growth of Political Stability in England 1675-1725 (1967)
• The Death Of The Past (1969)
• In The Light Of History (1972)
• The Commercialization of Leisure (1974)
• Royal Heritage: The Treasure of the British Crown (1977)
• New Light on the Tyrant George III: The Second George Rogers Clark Lecture (1978)
• The Making of a Historian (1988) essays
• The American Experience (1989) essays.

Academic offices
Preceded by Lord Todd	Master of Christ’s College, Cambridge 1978 - 1982	Succeeded by Hans Kornberg

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_H._Plumb”
Categories: 1911 births | 2001 deaths | Alumni of the University of Leicester | Alumni of Christ’s College, Cambridge | British historians | Fellows of Christ’s College, Cambridge | Masters of Christ’s College, Cambridge | Knights Bachelor | People associated with Bletchley Park | People from Leicester

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Hank DeZonie

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Hank DeZonie

Position:	Forward/Center
Height:	6′6″
Weight:	215 lb
Team:	The Rens (originally independent; later part of NBL), Tri-Cities Blackhawks (NBA)
Nationality:	USA
Born:	February 12, 1922(1922-02-12)
Died:	January 2, 2009 (aged 86)
College:	Clark Atlanta University
Pro career:	early 1940s – 1951

Henry “Hank” E. DeZonie (February 12, 1922 – January 2, 2009) was an American professional basketball player. He was the fourth African-American player in the National Basketball Association (NBA), following Earl Lloyd, Nat Clifton, and Chuck Cooper.

A 6′6″ forward/center, DeZonie attended Clark Atlanta University in the 1940s and then joined the Rens, an all-black travelling basketball team named after the Harlem Renaissance. The Rens joined the integrated National Basketball League in 1948, and during the 1948-49 NBL season, DeZonie averaged 12.4 points per game in 18 games .

By August 1949, most of the teams in the NBL had been absorbed by the fledging NBA. The Rens, however, were left out of the merger, and they were forced to disband as the NBA began its 1949-50 season as an all-white league . Black players did not enter the league until the start of the 1950-51 NBA season, when Lloyd, Clifton, and Cooper earned roster spots on the Rochester Royals, New York Knicks, and Boston Celtics, respectively. On December 3, 1950, DeZonie signed a contract with the Tri-Cities Blackhawks, becoming the fourth black player in the NBA .

DeZonie had the shortest career among the NBA’s black pioneers, due mainly to racial discrimination and disagreements with his coach. After appearing in just five games for the Blackhawks, during which he averaged 3.4 points, DeZonie quit in frustration. “The coach didn’t know basketball, and I couldn’t bother with segregation. They put me up with an old woman who chewed tobacco and the snow was up to the ceiling. I was past that,” he said . DeZonie’s fellow black players experienced frustrations, as well, but each of them remained in the league for at least six seasons.

Because of his relatively short career, DeZonie’s contributions were long forgotten by many basketball fans; recently, however, DeZonie has received more recognition. In 2000, for example, the NBA honored DeZonie as one of its black pioneers at a pregame ceremony at Madison Square Garden . Basketball historian Ron Thomas also highlighted DeZonie’s accomplishments in his 2004 book They Cleared the Lane (ISBN 0-8032-9454-9).

Notes

1. ^ Vescey, Peter. “John Isaacs: Gone But Not Forgotten”. New York Post. January 27, 2009. Retrieved on January 29, 2009.
2. ^ Association for Professional Basketball Research Statistical Database. http://hometown.aol.com/bradleyrd/apbr.html. Retrieved 26 August 2006.
3. ^ Thomas, Ron. Excerpt from They Cleared the Lane. Hoopshype.com. http://www.hoopshype.com/articles/cleared_lane.htm. Retrieved 26 August 2006.
4. ^ ibid.
5. ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/d/dezonha01.html. Retrieved 26 August, 2006.
6. ^ Boeck, Greg. “NBA pioneers encountered own barriers”. USA Today. 25 February 1991. Retrieved 26 August, 2006.
7. ^ http://sports.groups.yahoo.com/group/APBR/message/26405. Retrieved 26 August, 2006.
8. ^ http://www.wndu.com/sports/102000/sports_4341.php. Retrieved 26 August, 2006.

External links

• Player statistics @ basketballreference.com

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Philip McBride

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The Right Honourable  Sir Philip McBride  KCMG
Member of the Australian Parliament for Grey
In office 19 December 1931 – 21 September 1937
Preceded by	Andrew Lacey
Succeeded by	Albert Badman
Member of the Australian Parliament for Wakefield
In office 28 September 1946 – 14 October 1958
Preceded by	Albert Smith
Succeeded by	Bert Kelly
Born	18 June 1892(1892-06-18)
Died	14 July 1982 (aged 90)
Nationality	Australian
Political party	UAP (1931–44) Liberal (1944–58)

Sir Philip Albert Martin McBride KCMG (18 June 1892 – 14 July 1982) was an Australian politician.

McBride was born into a well-known pastoral family and educated at Burra Public School and Prince Alfred College in Adelaide. In 1931, he was elected as the member for Grey in the Australian House of Representatives, representing the United Australia Party. In October 1937, he was appointed to a casual vacancy in the Australian Senate. He was Assistant Minister for Commerce from April 1939 to August 1940. He was Minister for the Army and Minister for Repatriation from March to October 1940 in Robert Menzies ministry. In the third Menzies Ministry, he was Minister for Supply and Development from October 1940 to June 1941 and Minister for Munitions from October 1940 to the defeat of the Menzies government in August 1941. He was defeated in the 1943 general election.

In the 1946 general election, he was elected as the member for Wakefield for the Liberal Party of Australia and held it to his retirement in 1958, as a member of the Liberal and Country League from 1951. Following the election of the Manzies government in 1949, he became Minister for the Interior from 1949 to 1950. In 1950, he was appointed Minister for Defence, a position he retained to his retirement.

After McBride’s retirement, he was Federal President of the Liberal Party from 1960 to 1965. He was survived by his widow and two surviving sons.

Honours

McBride was made a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1953 and made a Privy councillor in 1959.

Notes

1. ^ Laurie, Wallis (17 August 1982). “Death of Right Honourable Sir Philip McBride, P.C., K.C.M.G.”. Hansard. Parliament of Australia. http://parlinfoweb.aph.gov.au/piweb/view_document.aspx?ID=293914&TABLE=HANSARDR. Retrieved 2007-10-17. 
2. ^ ^{a b c d} Fraser, Malcolm (17 August 1982). “Death of Right Honourable Sir Philip McBride, P.C., K.C.M.G.”. Hansard. Parliament of Australia. http://parlinfoweb.aph.gov.au/piweb/view_document.aspx?ID=293898&TABLE=HANSARDR. Retrieved 2007-10-17. 

Political offices
Preceded by Geoffrey Street	Minister for the Army 1940	Succeeded by Percy Spender
	Minister for Repatriation 1940	Succeeded by George McLeay
Preceded by Robert Menzies	Minister for Munitions 1940 – 1941	Succeeded by Norman Makin
Preceded by Frederick Stewart	Minister for Supply and Development 1940 – 1941	Succeeded by George McLeay
Preceded by Herbert Johnson	Minister for the Interior 1950	Succeeded by Eric Harrison
Preceded by Eric Harrison	Minister for Defence 1950 – 1958	Succeeded by Athol Townley
Preceded by Thomas White	Minister for Air 1951	Succeeded by William McMahon
Preceded by Josiah Francis	Minister for the Navy 1951
Parliament of Australia
Preceded by Andrew Lacey	Member for Grey 1931 – 1937	Succeeded by Albert Badman
Preceded by Albert Smith	Member for Wakefield 1946 – 1958	Succeeded by Bert Kelly

Persondata
NAME	McBride, Philip Albert Martin
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION	Australian politician
DATE OF BIRTH	18 June 1892
PLACE OF BIRTH
DATE OF DEATH	14 July 1982
PLACE OF DEATH

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_McBride”
Categories: 1892 births | 1982 deaths | United Australia Party politicians | Liberal Party of Australia politicians | Liberal and Country League politicians | Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Grey | Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Wakefield | Members of the Australian Senate | Members of the Australian Senate for South Australia | Members of the Cabinet of Australia | Old Reds | Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George | Australian knights

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Nick Bromley

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Nick Bromley (born 28 March 1983, Terrigal, New South Wales) is an Australian middle distance track athlete. He won the Australian national 800 metre title in 2007 for the third consecutive year and won the Scottish national title in 2009 in a ridiculously slow, but tactical race. Bromley started little athletics at age six and received a scholarship to attend Knox Grammar School in Sydney, where he graduated in 2003 after setting a Combined Associated Schools 3000m record. He competes for the University of Technology, Sydney Northern Suburbs Athletic Club, having previously competed for Sydney University and Sydney Pacific Athletics Clubs. In 2006, Bromley set his personal best time over 800 metres of 1:47.36 in finishing second in his heat at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne.

External links

• Profile
• Article

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This biographical article relating to Australian athletics (track and field) is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v • d • e

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Bromley”
Categories: 1983 births | Living people | Australian middle distance runners | Old Knox Grammarians | Athletes at the 2006 Commonwealth Games | Australian athletics biography stubs

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The Century Council

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The Century Council
Type	Non-profit
Founded	1991
Headquarters	2345 Crystal Drive Suite 910 Arlington, VA 22206
Staff	Chairman: Susan Molinari CEO: Ralph Blackman
Area served	United States
Focus	Eliminating drunk driving and underage drinking
Website	www.centurycouncil.org

The Century Council is a Virginia-based American not-for-profit organization founded in 1991 and funded by a group of distillers that aims to fight to eliminate drunk driving and underage drinking and promotes responsible decision-making regarding alcohol use.

The Arlington, Virginia-based organization is chaired by former New York Congresswoman Susan Molinari, and an independent national advisory board with members in the realm of education, medicine, government, business, and other relevant disciplines assists in the development of programs and policies. Member companies include Bacardi, Brown-Forman, Constellation Brands, DIAGEO, Future Brands, Hood River Distillers and Sidney Frank Importing Company.

Contents 1 Programs, initiatives and campaigns 2 Relationship with MADD 3 External links 4 References

Programs, initiatives and campaigns

The Century Council works with law enforcement, public officials, educators, parents and students to create programs aimed at reducing the incidents of drunk driving and underage drinking:

• Alcohol 101 Plus is an interactive online program which aims to help students make safe and responsible decisions about alcohol on college campuses.

• Ask, Listen, Learn: Kids and Alcohol Don’t Mix (developed with Nickelodeon) encourages parents to create an ongoing dialogue about the dangers of alcohol with their kids.

• B4UDrink Educator aims to educate adults about the influence of alcohol on an individual’s Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) level.

• Cops in Shops aims to deter youth under 21 from attempting to purchase alcohol and adults that purchase alcohol for minors.

• Girl Talk: Choices and Consequences of Underage Drinking attempts to encourage mothers and daughters to communicate about the dangers of underage drinking and the specific risks facing teenage girls.

• National Hardcore Drunk Driving Project provides a comprehensive resource for state legislators, local policy makers, highway safety officials, law enforcement officers, judges, prosecutors, community advocates, and treatment professionals to effectively deal with hardcore drunk drivers.

• We Don’t Serve Teens (developed with The Federal Trade Commission) is a public awareness campaign designed to prevent underage drinking by informing adults that providing underage drinkers with alcohol is unsafe, illegal and irresponsible.

In 2008-2009, The Century Council sponsored the National Student Advertising Competition held by the American Advertising Federation. Over 140 college teams from across the country competed to create a campaign aimed at reducing binge drinking among college students. The winning campaign was from Syracuse University.

Relationship with MADD

Until recently, the Century Council was a partner in Mothers Against Drunk Driving’s Campaign to Eliminate Drunk Driving. However, in June 2009, MADD severed all ties with the Century Council due to the latter’s opposition to mandatory ignition interlocks for first offenders.

External links

• Century Council website
• www.alcohol101plus.org
• www.asklistenlern.com
• www.asklistenlearnparents.com
• www.b4udrink.org
• www.girlsanddrinking.org
• www.grltlk.org.
• www.dontserveteens.gov

References

1. ^ Asbury Park Press, 6/25/08, “Officials focus on underage drinking”
2. ^ Courier-Post, 6/25/08, ‘Cops in Shops’ targets underage shore drinkers
3. ^ New Jersey Record, 6/24/08, “Cops target booze-buying for kids”
4. ^ The Atlantic Coast Conference. Mia Hamm Elected to Soccer Hall of Fame
5. ^ Society for Women’s Health Research. New Survey Reveals Alarming Data on Moms, Daughters and Underage Drinking, Women’s Health Research
6. ^ Nixon, FTC and The Century Council team up for national “We Don’t Serve Teens” Week
7. ^ [http://www.centurycouncil.org/content/syracuse-university-winner-2009-national-student-advertising-competition Syracuse University is the winner of the 2009 National Student Advertising Competition
8. ^ http://www.jointogether.org/news/headlines/inthenews/2009/madd-century-council-split.html

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Century_Council”
Categories: Drunk driving | Addiction and substance abuse organizations | Non-profit organizations based in the United States | Non-profit organizations based in Virginia | Companies established in 1991 | Alcohol in the United States

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Chang Dai-chien

  (Redirected from Zhang Daqian)
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Zhang Daqian
Born	May 10, 1899(1899-05-10) Neijiang, Sichuan, China
Died	April 2, 1983 (aged 83) Taipei, Taiwan

Zhang Daqian (simplified Chinese: ???; traditional Chinese: ???; pinyin: Zh?ng Dàqi?n; Wade-Giles: Chang Ta-Chien) (May 10, 1899 - April 2, 1983) was one of the best-known and most prodigious Chinese artists of the twentieth century. He is also regarded by many art experts as one of the most gifted master forgers of the twentieth century. Born in a family of artists in Sichuan, China, he studied textile dyeing techniques in Kyoto, Japan and returned to establish a successful career selling his paintings in Shanghai. A staunch supporter of the Kuomintang, he left China in 1948 and moved to Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil, and then to Carmel, California, before finally settling in Taipei, Taiwan.

“So prodigious was his virtuosity within the medium of Chinese ink and colour that it seemed he could paint anything. His output spanned a huge range, from archaising works based on the early masters of Chinese painting to the innovations of his late works which connect with the language of Western abstract art” (Kenson Kwok, Foreword to Chang Dai-Chien: The Enigmatic Genius).

A meeting between Chang and Picasso in 1956 was viewed as a summit meeting between the preeminent masters of Eastern and Western art. Picasso showed Chang some drawings done in “Chinese” style, but Chang remarked that they were not executed with the right tools and gave Picasso a set of Chinese brushes.

References

This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (October 2009)

• Challenging the Past: The Paintings of Chang Dai-Chien, Shen C.Y. Fu, Washington, DC: Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1991
• Chang Dai-Chien: The Enigmatic Genius, Chen Jiazi, Singapore: Asian Civilisations Museum, designed and produced by Archipelago Press, an imprint of Editions Didier Millet, 2001

External links

• Zhang Daqian and his Painting Gallery at China Online Museum
• Chang Dai-chien in Californa at San Francisco State University

This article about a Chinese painter is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v • d • e

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang_Dai-chien”
Categories: Chinese painter stubs | 1899 births | 1983 deaths | Art forgers | Chinese artists | Chinese painters | Nanjing University faculty | National Central University faculty | People from NeijiangHidden categories: Articles with hCards | Articles containing simplified Chinese language text | Articles containing traditional Chinese language text | Articles lacking in-text citations from October 2009 | All articles lacking in-text citations

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Plug and play

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In computing, plug and play is a term used to describe the characteristic of a computer bus, or device specification, which facilitates the discovery of a hardware component in a system, without the need for physical device configuration, or user intervention in resolving resource conflicts.

Plug and play refers to both the boot-time assignment of device resources, and to hotplug systems such as USB and Firewire.

Contents 1 History of Device Configuration 1.1 Early self-configuring devices 2 See also 3 References 4 External links

History of Device Configuration

IBM 402 Accounting Machine plug-board wiring. This board was labeled “profit & loss summary.”

This section requires expansion.

In the beginnings of computing technology, the hardware logic was just a collection of building blocks, and the relationships between them had to be completely redesigned to accommodate different calculating operations. These changes were usually done by connecting some wires between modules and disconnecting others. The very earliest of mechanical computing devices such as the IBM punchcard accounting, tabulating and interpreting machines were programmed entirely in this manner, by the use of a quick-swap control panel wired to route signals between configuration sockets.

As general purpose computing devices developed, these connections and disconnections were instead used to specify locations in the system address space where an expansion device should appear, in order for the device to be accessible by the central processing unit. If two or more of the same device were installed in one computer, it would be necessary to assign the second device to a separate, non-overlapping region of the system address space so that both could be accessible at the same time.

Some early microcomputing devices such as the Apple II required the end-user to physically cut some wires and solder others together to make these configuration changes. The changes were intended to be largely permanent for the life of the hardware.

Jumpers

Over time the need developed for more frequent changes and for easier changes to be made by unskilled computer users. Rather than cutting and soldering connections, the header and jumper was developed. The header consists of two or more vertical pins arranged in an evenly-spaced grid. The jumper is a small conductive strip of metal clipped across the header pins. The conductive jumper strip is commonly encased in a plastic shell to help prevent electrical shorting between adjacent jumpers.

Slide style DIP switch

Jumpers have the unfortunate property of being easy to misplace if not needed, and are difficult to grasp in order to remove them from headers. To help make these changes easier, the DIP switch was developed, also known as a dual in-line package switch. The DIP switch has small either rocker or sliding switches enclosed in a plastic shell and usually numbered for easy reference. DIP switches usually come in units of four or eight switches; longer rows of switches can be made by combining two or more units. DIP switches are particularly useful where a long string of jumpers would be closely packed together or where four or more jumpers would be used in combination to configure one device function. DIP switches also have a particular advantage for configuration settings which are likely to be changed more frequently than once every few years. (Because of the inconvenience of setting them, jumpers are typically used for settings that are not expected to need to be changed unless the device is removed from one computer and installed in another, an infrequent occurrence for internal devices in consumer desktop PCs.)

Early self-configuring devices

Typical MCA expansion card without jumpers or DIP switches.

As computing devices spread further out into the general population, there was ever greater pressure developing to automate this configuration process. One of the first major industry efforts towards self-configuration was done by Commodore in 1986 with the creation of their Amiga 2000 line of computers using the AutoConfig protocol and the Zorro II expansion bus. This took a giant leap forward, as expansion devices had absolutely no jumpers or DIP switches.

However, IBM’s first attempt at self-configuration, was with the creation of their Personal System/2 line of computers using the Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) had a few major problems. In an attempt to simplify device setup, every piece of hardware was issued with a disk containing a special file used to auto-configure the hardware to work with the computer. (If the device required one or more drivers for specific operating systems, they were usually included on the same disk.) Without this disk the hardware would be completely useless and the computer would not boot at all until the unconfigured device was removed.

MCA also suffered for being a proprietary technology. Unlike their previous PC bus design, the AT bus, IBM did not publicly release specifications for MCA and actively pursued patents to block third parties from selling unlicensed implementations of it, and the developing PC clone market did not want to pay royalties to IBM in order to use this new technology. The PC clone makers instead developed EISA, an extension to the existing old non-PnP AT bus standard, which they also further standardized and renamed ISA (to avoid IBM’s “AT” trademark). With few vendors other than IBM supporting it with computers or cards, MCA eventually failed in the marketplace. Most vendors of PC-compatibles stayed largely with ISA and manual configuration, while EISA offered the same type of auto-configuration featured in MCA. (EISA cards required a configuration file as well.)

In time, many ISA cards incorporated, through proprietary and varied techniques, hardware to self-configure or to provide for software configuration; often the card came with a configuration program on disk that could automatically set the software-configurable (but not itself self-configuring) hardware. Some cards had both jumpers and software-configuration, with some settings controlled by each; this compromise reduced the number of jumpers that had to be set, while avoiding great expense for certain settings, e.g. nonvolatile registers for a base address setting. The problems of required jumpers continued on but slowly diminished as more and more devices, both ISA and other types, included extra self-configuration hardware. However, these efforts still did not solve the problem of making sure the end-user has the appropriate software driver for the hardware.

ISA PnP or (legacy) Plug & Play ISA was a plug-n-play system that used a combination of modifications to hardware, the system BIOS, and operating system software to automatically manage resource allocations. It was superseded by the PCI bus during the mid-1990s.

See also

• Autodetection
• Auto-configuration
• Autoconfig (Amiga)
• Hot plugging
• Display Data Channel
• PCI configuration space
• Universal Plug and Play (UPnP)
• USB flash drive

References

1. ^ The PC Guide - Plug and Play
2. ^ plug and play Definition
3. ^ Plug and Play Definition

External links

• http://techupdate.zdnet.com/techupdate/stories/main/0,14179,2807178,00.html

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug_and_play”
Categories: Computer peripherals | MotherboardHidden categories: Articles to be expanded from June 2009 | All articles to be expanded

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Tracey Needham

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Tracey Needham
Born	March 28, 1967 (1967-03-28) (age 42) Dallas, Texas, United States
Spouse(s)	Tommy Hinkley (1995–present)

Tracey Needham is a Texas-born American actress best known as Paige Thatcher on Life Goes On during the series’ second to fourth seasons (1990-1993), and then on the first season of JAG as Lt. Meg Austin (1995-1996).

Biography

Needham was born on March 28, 1967, in Dallas, Texas, where her father was a homebuilder. When she was eight, the Needhams moved to Denver, Colorado, and her father’s work dictated that the family move back and forth between the two cities. Needham was fully grown by the eighth grade, and later, when she took to heart a high-school theater director’s snippy advice that she was too tall to appear on stage, she worked on the technical crew instead. After her high-school graduation, Needham traveled through Europe and Australia. In 1988, she went to Los Angeles to study acting and audition for roles. She made her TV acting debut on Jake and the Fatman. After a few more acting classes, she landed the part of Paige Thatcher, the big sister, on Life Goes On, beginning in the series’ second season.

While growing up, she was always jumping into football games and wanted to be treated equally and not have boys take it easy on her. Later she would call on her own past experiences to play the strong but feminine Lt.(j.g.) Meg Austin in the first season of JAG. As the female star of a military action-adventure series, Needham portrayed a Navy judge advocate who was also a computer-weapons expert.

She married actor Tommy Hinkley in January 1995 and they have a daughter, Katie, born in 1999.

Partial filmography

• Angel in the Family - Sarah, (2004) (TV)
• The Division - Inspector Candace “C. D.” DeLorenzo, (2001–2003)
• Last Stand At Saber River - Lorraine Kidston, (1997) (TV)
• JAG - Lt. Meg Austin, (1995–1996)
• VR.5 - Samantha Bloom, (4 episodes, 1995)
• Lush Life - Sarah, (1993) (TV)
• Life Goes On - Paige Thacher, (1990–1993)
• Bonnie and Clyde: The True Story - Bonnie, (1992) (Movie)

External links

• Tracey Needham at the Internet Movie Database

This article about an American television actor born in the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v • d • e

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracey_Needham”
Categories: 1967 births | Living people | American television actors | People from Dallas, Texas | American television actor, 1960s birth stubs

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Oliver “Daddy” Warbucks

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Lieutenant General Oliver “Daddy” Warbucks is a fictional character from the comic strip Little Orphan Annie. His age in the series is around 52.

Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Work 1.2 Post WWI 1.3 World War II 1.4 Post WWII 2 Views 3 Portrayals in media 4 External links

Biography

He was born about 1894, near the small town of Supine. His father, a section boss on the railroad, was killed when he was a month old. His mother was left with only “gumption” and a house in which she was able to keep boarders. His early youth in Supine involved cornering all the marbles in town at age nine, serving as a messenger for the telegraph company, having a girlfriend named Millie, fishing, swimming and raiding melon patches with Spike Spangle and beating up the son of the banker who planned to foreclose on his mother’s house. Then on June 7, 1905 when he was only 11, his mother died at age 30, of typhoid. On the night of the funeral he was put on the outbound Limited. Presumably he later spent some time in the city for he and Paddy Cairns were companions together in the old 8th Ward.

Work

For a few semesters he attended college studying engineering but found no time for football or girls because he had to work seven nights a week and Sundays in the local steel mill to pay off a debt. His family background and lack of prep school education kept him from entering a fraternity. He eventually became foreman in the rolling mill, married Mrs. Warbucks, worked and planned for a family, kids, and house of their own. When “Daddy” began to make big money during World War I, the marital happiness was lost but he retained his identity with the common people.

Post WWI

After the war, Warbucks continued as an industrialist, but became a philanthropist as well—his fortune had built to “ten zillion dollars.” His wife instigated the taking in (no adoption ever took place) of Annie while Warbucks was away on a business trip. On his return, he was smitten with Annie and, as her father-figure, offered the girl support as needed. He often intervened in Annie’s life during crisis, always returning in time to save the day.

World War II

During World War II, Warbucks, along with his bodyguards Punjab and Asp, joined Allied forces. Warbucks became a three-star general. Notice the symbolism of his name Oliver Warbucks = “All-of-our War-bucks” He symbolizes the billions of dollars going into WWII.

Post WWII

Despite his immense wealth, Warbucks is, now and then, reduced to such poverty as to be forced to raid Annie’s piggy bank. He always leaves an I.O.U., and is always restored to his wealth and repays Annie.

He was knighted by the Queen later in life.

Views

Warbucks was often a platform for cartoonist Harold Gray’s political views, which were free market-based. He sometimes expounded on the need for wealthy men to work hard—lest the masses have no employment. At the same time, capitalists who underpaid or mistreated their workers were portrayed in a negative light, with corrupt businessmen often being shown as villains. While, in the strip, Warbucks would interact with the rich and powerful, the close relationship in the play and movie between Warbucks and Franklin Delano Roosevelt would likely have been anathema to Gray, who opposed the New Deal policies of FDR. In fact, in 1944, Gray briefly killed off Warbucks on the grounds that it was widely thought that capitalists were obsolete. He was resurrected after FDR’s death.

He first appeared in the Annie strip on September 27, 1924.

Portrayals in media

Daddy Warbucks was portrayed by Albert Finney in the 1982 film adaptation of Annie. In Disney’s 1999 made-for-TV version, Warbucks is portrayed by Victor Garber.

He was named the “richest fictional character” in 2007 by Forbes magazine.

Oliver Warbucks appears in the Drawn Together episode “Nipple Ring-Ring Goes to Foster Care.” Annie warns Foxxy that Daddy Warbucks will take out her eyes (a reference to how the characters are depicted without pupils).

The father of antagonist Princess Morbucks from The Powerpuff Girls, referred to only as “Daddy”, would appear to be an amalgamation of Oliver Warbucks and Ernst Stavro Blofeld.

The Band metric uses the name of this character in one of their songs titelled “monster hospital”

“Monster Movie, Daddy Warbucks up against Bobby Fuller And he beat him hands down lead in his head they put a little lead in, in his head”. O

External links

• Annie Comics
• Forbes Fictional Wealth List

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_%22Daddy%22_Warbucks”
Categories: Fictional characters in comics | Fictional businesspeople

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52 Europa

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52 Europa

Star field showing asteroid Europa
Discovery
Discovered by	H. Goldschmidt
Discovery date	February 4, 1858
Designations
Named after	Europa
Alternate name(s)	1948 LA
Minor planet category	Main belt
Orbital characteristics
Epoch November 26, 2005 (JD 2453700.5)
Aphelion	511.201 Gm (3.417 AU)
Perihelion	416.621 Gm (2.785 AU)
Semi-major axis	463.911 Gm (3.101 AU)
Eccentricity	0.102
Orbital period	1994.629 d (5.46 a)
Average orbital speed	16.87 km/s
Mean anomaly	70.730°
Inclination	7.466°
Longitude of ascending node	128.992°
Argument of perihelion	343.553°
Physical characteristics
Dimensions	360×315×240 km 362×302×252 km
Mass	1.65 × 1019 kg
Mean density	1.14 ± 0.13 g/cm³
Equatorial surface gravity	~0.11 m/s²
Escape velocity	~0.20 km/s
Rotation period	0.2347 d
Albedo	0.058
Temperature	~173 K max: 258K (-15 °C)
Spectral type	C-type asteroid
Absolute magnitude (H)	6.31

52 Europa (pronounced /j??ro?p?/ ew-ROE-p?) is one of the larger asteroids. It has a diameter of 300 km, and was discovered on February 4, 1858 by H. Goldschmidt. It is named after Europa, one of Zeus’s conquests in Greek mythology. Europa is approximately the seventh largest asteroid by volume, though it has a low density (is highly porous), presumably through having suffered a particularly severe collision.

It is a very dark carbonaceous C-type, and the fourth-largest of these. It orbits close to the Hygiea asteroid family, but is not a member. Spectroscopic studies have found evidence of olivines and pyroxenes on the surface, and there is some indication that there may be compositional differences between different regions

Lightcurve data for Europa has been particularly tricky to interpret, so much so for a long time its period of rotation was in dispute (5 and a half, or 11 hours?) despite numerous observations. It has now been determined that Europa is a prograde rotator, but the exact direction in which its pole points remains ambiguous. The most detailed analysis indicates that it points either towards about ecliptic coordinates (?, ?) = (70°, 55°) or (40°, 255°) with a 10° uncertainty . This gives an axial tilt of about 14° or 54°, respectively.

It has been found that the reputed cataclysmic variable star CV Aquarii, discovered in 1934, was actually a misidentification of 52 Europa.

52 Europa should not be confused with Jupiter’s moon Europa.

Contents 1 Mass 2 Footnotes 3 References 4 External links

Mass

In 2001, Michalak estimated Europa to have a mass of (5.2±1.8) × 10¹⁹ kg. In 2007, Baer and Chesley estimated Europa to have a mass of (1.9±0.4) × 10¹⁹ kg. A more recent estimate by Baer suggests it has a mass of 1.65 × 10¹⁹ kg.

Footnotes

1. ^ ^{a b c} Baer, James; Steven R. Chesley. “Astrometric masses of 21 asteroids, and an integrated asteroid ephemeris” (PDF). Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy (Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007) 100 (2008): 27–42. doi:10.1007/s10569-007-9103-8. http://www.springerlink.com/content/h747307j43863228/fulltext.pdf. Retrieved 2008-11-15. 
2. ^ ^{a b c d} Baer, James (2008). “Recent Asteroid Mass Determinations”. Personal Website. http://home.earthlink.net/~jimbaer1/astmass.txt. Retrieved 2008-11-29. 
3. ^ Michalak, G. (2001). “Determination of asteroid masses”. Astronomy & Astrophysics 374: 703–711. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010731. http://www.aanda.org/index.php?option=article&access=standard&Itemid=129&url=/articles/aa/abs/2001/29/aa10228/aa10228.html. Retrieved 2008-11-15. 

References

1. IRAS Minor Planet Survey
2. Micha?owski, T., et al. Photometry and models of selected main belt asteroids I. 52 Europa, 115 Thyra, and 382 Dodona, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 416, p. 353 (2004).
3. PDS lightcurve data
4. Dotto, E., et al. ISO results on bright Main Belt asteroids: PHT–S observations, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 358, p. 1133 (2000).
5. Sawyer, S. R., A High-Resolution CCD Spectroscopic Survey of Low-Albedo Main Belt Asteroids, PhD thesis, The University of Texas (1991).
6. Schmeer, P., and M. L. Hazen, CV Aquarii identified with (52) Europa, Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers, Vol. 28, p. 103 (2000).
7. Zappalà, V.; M. di Martino and S. Cacciatori On the ambiguity of rotational periods of asteroids - The peculiar case of 52 Europa, Icarus, Vol. 56, p. 319 (1983).

External links

• “(52) Europa”. CBAT/MPC/ICQ Index. http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iau/Ephemerides/Bright/2003/00052.html. Retrieved 2005-08-12. 
• shape model deduced from lightcurve

v • d • e Minor planets navigator 51 Nemausa       ·       52 Europa       ·       53 Kalypso

v • d • e Small Solar System bodies Asteroids (Centaurs · Damocloids · Families · Groups · Moons · Jupiter Trojans · Main belt · Near-Earth · Neptune Trojans · Spectral Types) · Comets · Meteoroids · Minor planets · Trans-Neptunians (Detached objects · Hills cloud · Kuiper belt · Oort cloud · Scattered disc objects) Lists: Asteroid groups and families · Asteroid moons · Binary asteroids · Minor planets See also: Dwarf planet, Meanings of minor planet names, Planet, Pronunciation of asteroid names, and Solar System

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